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Lots of other Scientologist-run businesses and companies belong to the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies using Hubbard's management teachings, and circulates directories of WISE-affiliated organizations. WISE requires those who wish to end up being Hubbard management speaks with to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This section requires growth. You can assist by contributing to it. In order to facilitate the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the type of powerful or respected people. Perth Scientology. Though it has attained some reliability as a religion in lots of nations, Scientology has actually likewise been explained as both a cult and a commercial enterprise.
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For example, it has actually been noted to take part in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Fair Game people it perceives as its opponents. In 1979, several Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of federal government files in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise founded guilty of scams, manslaughter and damaging witnesses in French cases, harmful libel versus legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of exposure" may be viewed as "threatening to developed social organizations".
From 1952 up until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was included in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were commercial and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had actually initially demandedand the Internal Revenue Service recognized the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit company.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as evidence the United States government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, removal of the tax their website exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as determined in a web survey run by the governmental transition team getting public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain elements of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was developed with its head workplace situated at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later renamed the Workplace of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and devoted among the largest penetration of United States federal firms ever committed by a company not connected with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal activity committed by these offenders is of a breadth and scope formerly unprecedented. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No person or organization was free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past made use of aggressive strategies in addressing those it views as trying to reduce them, referred to as Suppressive Persons (SPs) initially outlined by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its founder.
Using blank paper understood to have been dealt with visit our website by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb risks in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which might have sent Cooper to prison for a lengthy term. The Church's plan was discovered at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.